Enhancing barrier and antioxidant properties of nanocellulose films for coatings and active packaging: a review

Cellulose, a natural biopolymer, offers strong potential for sustainable packaging due to its impressive mechanical, thermal, and barrier properties. However, its high hydrophilicity remains a key challenge for industrial applications. This review delves into both chemical and physical methods to enhance nanocellulose’s hydrophobicity while also exploring the incorporation of reinforcing fillers like antioxidants, antibacterial agents (e.g., tannins, lignin), and nanoclays to improve functionality in active packaging. Additionally, advanced surface modifications using compounds, such as stearic acid, silanes, and treatments, such as cold plasma, are discussed.